• Molecular dynamics studies have proved an effective means of

  2022-03-21

  

  Molecular dynamics studies have proved an effective means of characterising transition state pathways between the inward- and outward-facing states, and providing the relative propensity for each state. For example, long-timescale simulations of the membrane-embedded LeuT dimer, totalling ∼21 μs, ha

• To further implicate the role of EAAT

  2022-03-21

  

  To further implicate the role of EAAT3 in morphine-induced place preference, the effects of morphine on EAAT3 lxr agonists was determined. Interestingly, morphine increased EAAT3 protein expression in the plasma membrane of mPFC, nucleus accumbens and VTA but not in the hippocampus of wild-type mice

• During the tests in vitro SHP showed the

  2022-03-21

  

  During the tests in vitro, SHP289-04 showed the beneficial effect on both two important aspects. In human liver carcinoma cell line HepG2, it was found to improve glucose consumption significantly. Otherwise, in pancreas cell line NIT1, it could only promote insulin secretion significantly at high g

• dhfr inhibitor In this study our result suggests that exogen

  2022-03-21

  

  In this study, our result suggests that exogenous GR agonist DEX and GR inhibitor RU486 can affect dopaminergic neurotransmitters in the brain. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), an endogenous neuropeptide, can regulate the synthesis and release of catecholamine. McArthur et

• To directly address whether pharmacological attenuation of p

  2022-03-21

  

  To directly address whether pharmacological attenuation of physiological GIP provides therapeutic benefits in obese mice, we pursued a selective long-acting antagonist to complement the work we report on GIPR agonism. We report a GIP analog of sufficient aqueous solubility that employs a shortened N

• Beside these studies related to food

  2022-03-21

  

  Beside these studies related to food, several groups examined the role of ghrelin in the actions of psychostimulants. Modulation of the ghrelin system and food restriction alter locomotor sensitization, DA release in the NAc, and CPP induced by cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine (Abizaid et al., 201

• The effects of galanin on anxiety may

  2022-03-21

  

  The effects of galanin on anxiety may depend on the site of drug administration, on the galanin receptor subtypes activated and on the animal models of anxiety employed (Barrera et al., 2005, Holmes and Picciotto, 2006, Soares et al., 2016a, Soares et al., 2016b). For instance, administration of gal

• Among sensitizers tested in the previous study six

  2022-03-21

  

  Among 22 sensitizers tested in the previous study, six test chemicals were pre- or pro-haptens (Nepal et al., 2018a). Among 6 chemicals, hydroquinone and 2-aminophenol, strong sensitizers, were falsely classified as non-sensitizers due to the lack of metabolic activation (Nepal et al., 2018a). Liter

• Type II diabetes is characterized by an inability to maintai

  2022-03-18

  

  Type II diabetes is characterized by an inability to maintain glucose homeostasis due to insulin desensitization and/or insufficient insulin secretion. GPR40, also known as free fatty Spautin-1 receptor 1 (FFAR1), is a member of the G-protein-coupled lipid-activated family of receptors and is prima

• Several transgenic and knockout congenic mouse models have b

  2022-03-18

  

  Several transgenic and knockout/congenic mouse models have been generated in order to assess the role of FFAR1 for proper insulin secretion and maintenance of glucose homeostasis. The results obtained with three different receptor knockout mouse models were not consistent. The protection against hig

• Our paper also contributes to the large

  2022-03-18

  

  Our paper also contributes to the large, but hitherto inconclusive literature that studies the effects of option-based compensation or convexity in compensation on corporate risk-taking policies. On the one hand, some studies document a positive relationship by showing that convexity increases lever

• br Effects of norepinephrine on HIV infection The few

  2022-03-18

  

  Effects of norepinephrine on HIV infection The few in vitro studies specifically examining the effects of norepinephrine on HIV infection suggest that this catecholamine can influence the HIV replication process, although the precise mechanism is unclear. Cole and colleagues found concentrations

• Metallothioneins MTs that are intracellular proteins respons

  2022-03-18

  

  Metallothioneins (MTs) that are intracellular proteins responsible for the maintenance of metal homeostasis are involved in arsenic toxicity (Kita et al., 2006). Four major MT isoforms have been reported so far, MT1, MT2A, MT3 and MT4. The synthesis of MT1 and MT2A isoforms in mammal cells can be in

• Our results show that deletion of

  2022-03-18

  

  Our results show that deletion of the first loop of Obg does not abolish the augmentation of the GTPase activity of CgtAvc, revealing that the first loop is mainly responsible for the anchoring of the protein in the 50S and the transient interaction with ribosome is enough for augmentation of GTPase

• Increasing number of experimental data reveal that

  2022-03-18

  

  Increasing number of experimental data reveal that both ROS and RNS are multifunctional molecules playing a substantial role in plant physiology and particularly in seed biology (Bailly et al., 2008; Šírová et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2014). Dual function of RNS can be described by the model of “nitros

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